Tomato productivity and the associated composition of the hydroponic or soil solution

The concentration and balance of nutrients in both the hydroponic or soil solution has been evaluated with relevance to tomato productivity. Yields of 200 mt/ha have been produced in greenhouse, hydroponic culture in a 9 to 10 month period. Yields of more than 100 mt/ha of field grown tomatoes have been produced in Florida in a 4 to 5 month period. Within the limitations of either culture, it is possible per unit of time to provide the nutrients required to produce equivalent yields. It is most significant that field grown tomatoes in Florida can be grown with minimal management and at a fraction of the cost of those grown hydroponically. The validity of the Florida fresh market tomato industry is based on the production efficiency of the field culture. There are annually 16,000 ha of tomatoes grown in Florida, perhaps less than 40 ha grown in hydroponic cultures.     

Water quality dynamics and shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production in intensive, mesohaline culture systems with two levels of biofloc management

A dense microbial community develops in the water column of intensive, minimal-exchange production systems and is responsible for nutrient cycling. A portion of the microbial community is associated with biofloc particles, and some control over the concentration of these particles has been shown to provide production benefits. To help refine the required degree of control, this study evaluated the effects of two levels of biofloc management on water quality and shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production in commercial-scale culture systems. Eight, 50 m³ raceways were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: T-LS (treatment-low solids) and T-HS (treatment-high solids), each with four replicate raceways. Settling chambers adjacent to the T-LS raceways had a volume of 1700 L with a flow rate of 20 L min⁻¹. The T-HS raceways had 760 L settling chambers with a flow rate of 10 L min⁻¹. Raceways were stocked with 250 shrimp m⁻³, with a mean individual weight of 0.72 g, and shrimp were grown for thirteen weeks. Raceways in the T-LS treatment had significantly reduced total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, and turbidity compared to the T-HS treatment (P ≤ 0.003). The T-LS raceways also had significantly lower nitrite and nitrate concentrations, and the T-HS raceways had significantly lower ammonia and phosphate concentrations (P ≤ 0.021). With the exception of nitrate, there were no significant differences between the change in concentration of water quality parameters entering and exiting the settling chambers in the T-LS versus the T-HS treatment. Nitrate never accumulated appreciably in the T-LS raceways, possibly due to denitrification in the settling chambers, bacterial substrate limitations in the raceways, or algal nitrate assimilation. However, in the T-HS raceways nitrate did accumulate. The T-HS settling chambers returned a significantly lower nitrate concentration and significantly greater alkalinity concentration than what entered them (P ≤ 0.005), indicating that denitrification may have occurred in those chambers. There were no significant differences in shrimp survival, feed conversion ratio, or final biomass between the two treatments. However, shrimp in the T-LS treatment grew at a significantly greater rate (1.7 g wk⁻¹ vs. 1.3 g wk⁻¹) and reached a significantly greater final weight (22.1 g vs. 17.8 g) than shrimp in the T-HS treatment (P ≤ 0.020). The results of this study demonstrate engineering and management decisions that can have important implications for both water quality and shrimp production in intensive, minimal-exchange culture systems.     

多效唑喷施浓度及时期对谷子性状及品质的影响

摘 要：为探明多效唑对谷子优质品种‘晋谷21号’的调控效果,提高‘晋谷21号’的抗逆性能,在3叶期、6叶期、9叶期三个时期,以0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6% 五个浓度作了喷施多效唑试验。结果表明：喷施多效唑后,对‘晋谷21号’谷子下部节间长度（1~9节）有明显的抑制作用,并减少节间数量,使株高明显降低;喷多效唑的最佳时期为谷子出苗后9叶期;喷施多效唑的最佳浓度为0.4%~0.5%;喷施多效唑后不会影响‘晋谷21号’的谷子产量和小米品质。     

几种多糖对黄曲霉菌生长及产毒的抑制作用

研究了香菇多糖、海带多糖、石耳素等10余种多糖对黄曲霉生长及产毒的抑制作用,发现海带多糖、香菇纤维素、马铃薯直链淀粉、A型大豆多糖能够明显降低黄曲霉菌丝产量;同时海带多糖、香菇纤维素、马铃薯直链淀粉、香菇多糖、绿豆多糖抑制了黄曲霉菌产毒,其中海带多糖、马铃薯直链淀粉、香菇纤维素、香菇多糖能够明显降低黄曲霉菌菌丝产毒能力。     

锡兰肉桂无水乙醇提取物的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法和组织测定法,测定锡兰肉桂无水乙醇提取物对胡椒瘟病菌、香蕉枯萎病菌、芒果炭疽病菌和芒果蒂腐病菌的抑菌活性以及20%锡兰肉桂微乳剂对胡椒瘟病的保护作用。结果表明,锡兰肉桂无水乙醇提取物对胡椒瘟病菌具有较好的抑菌活性,在浓度1.5 mg/mL时抑菌率为91.94%,EC50为0.687 5 mg/mL;对芒果炭疽病菌的抑菌率为63.75%,但对芒果蒂腐病菌无抑菌活性。20%锡兰肉桂微乳剂对胡椒瘟病表现出较好的保护效果,当稀释100倍和50倍时抑制率分别为72.79%和78.91%。     

中草药及其配伍对嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌作用

采用二倍稀释法测定了86种中草药对嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并采用正交试验法研究了对嗜水气单胞菌具有较强抑制作用的中草药配伍。结果表明,五倍子、五味子和乌梅对嗜水气单胞菌的抑制作用最强,最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度均为12.5mg/ml,可作为防治水产养殖动物嗜水气单胞菌病害的首选中草药。正交试验结果表明,儿茶、五倍子、五味子和乌梅4种药分别以4∶2∶4∶1和1∶2∶2∶4的比例配伍时对嗜水气单胞菌具有最佳抑菌和杀菌作用。     

Zn2+ 对海滨木槿种子萌发及根伸长抑制效应的研究

探讨Zn2+对海滨木槿种子萌发及根伸长抑制效应对在污染严重的海滨栽种海滨木槿及海滨重金属污染植物修复具有重要意义。测定了不同Zn2+浓度梯度下的海滨木槿种子发芽率、发芽势及根的伸长量和生物量变化,结果表明,较低浓度的Zn2+能够促进海滨木槿种子萌发,但是海滨木槿种子萌发对高浓度Zn2+不敏感,只有Zn2+的浓度为400 mg/g时才对种子萌发表现出抑制作用。Zn2+对海滨木槿种子发芽的抑制效应远小于对根伸长和生物量的抑制效应。随着Zn2+胁迫浓度的升高,海滨木槿根的伸长量及生物量明显降低,海滨木槿根伸长抑制率与Zn2+的浓度有极好的正相关性。     

Enzymatic dynamics of catechol oxidase from Gastrolina depressa

Properties of the phenoloxidase (PO) from adult of Gastrolina depressa Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as well as effects of some metal ions and inhibitors on the activity of PO purified by (NH₄)₂SO₄ were determined. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme for the oxidation of catechol were determined to be at pH 7.5 and at 40 °C, respectively. The kinetic parameters for the oxidation of L-DOPA and catechol by the PO were 15.01 and 9.17 mM, respectively. The PO activity was strongly inhibited by Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺, different to Mg²⁺ slightly. Both ascorbic acid and cysteine exhibited competitive inhibition and the inhibitory constants (K_i) were determined to be 2.22 mM and 0.40 mM, respectively.     

苹果褐腐病菌中草药抑菌剂的筛选及提取条件研究

[目的]为中草药抑菌剂的开发提供参考依据。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定了19种中草药乙醇提取物对苹果褐腐病菌的抑制活性。[结果]不同中草药提取物对苹果褐腐病菌的抑制活性存在一定差异。在中草药提取物浓度为0.1 mg/ml时,19种中草药中,马兜铃提取物对苹果褐腐病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,抑制率高达49.64%;其次是鸦胆子、射干和葛根,抑制率均在20%以上;其余中草药提取物对苹果褐腐病菌均未表现出明显的抑制作用,其抑制率均在20%以下。通过单因素试验优化了马兜铃的提取条件,即以50%乙醇为溶剂、料液比为1∶5、提取温度为30℃、提取时间为4 h。[结论]马兜铃体内的有效成分具有强烈的抑菌活性,具有开发潜力。